Examining (5S,6S,9R)-5-Amino-6-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-cyclohepta[b]pyridin-9-ol L-tartrate: A Deep Dive
Roots: Historical Development
A lot changed over the last few decades in how medicinal chemists think about heterocycles. Research teams in the early 2000s saw great promise in seven-membered ring pyridine systems, especially for their role in modulating central nervous system activity. Advances in fluorination chemistry during this period made it possible to substitute aromatic rings with difluoro groups, boosting selectivity and bioavailability. By synthesizing cyclohepta[b]pyridine frameworks, many chemists hoped to capture favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics and fine-tune receptor binding. L-tartrate as a salt-forming companion helped to boost stability and water solubility, crucial factors for drug formulation. Labs across Europe and Asia contributed key steps in modern access routes, from optimizing chiral synthesis to new catalysis methods, always aiming for higher yields and cleaner product profiles. Looking back, the combination of multidisciplinary teamwork and public-private partnership spurred innovation that led directly to today’s portfolio of semi-rigid, fluorinated heterocycles, which includes this compound.
Product Overview
Few molecules in small-molecule therapeutics capture the chemical complexity and promise of (5S,6S,9R)-5-Amino-6-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-cyclohepta[b]pyridin-9-ol L-tartrate. This compound, a semi-rigid heptacyclic aminophenol, features a difluorophenyl group, giving it a unique electronic structure. Adding L-tartrate balances solubility with crystallinity, making it easier for researchers to purify and handle. The sheer number of functional groups on a single scaffold underscores the pharmacological diversity that modern drug discovery pursues today.
Physical & Chemical Properties
Colorless to off-white crystalline powder often characterizes this tartrate salt. Most observers notice a distinctive melting point above 190°C, pointing to its rigid structure and strong salt bridging between organic acid and amine groups. Solubility in water and polar protic solvents matches what is needed for oral absorption studies, setting it apart from many other aromatic amines that clump or dissolve poorly. The presence of two fluorine atoms pulls electron density from the aromatic ring, which stabilizes certain tautomers and boosts resistance to oxidative metabolism. Chirality at three positions creates a single dominant stereoisomer, a result made possible only by modern asymmetric synthesis.
Technical Specifications & Labeling
Pharmaceutical-grade batches typically carry purity above 98% by HPLC, with strict control on enantiomeric excess. Manufacturers supply certification on residue solvents, and heavy metal testing meets ICH Q3D guidelines. Labeling usually cites the precise batch number, storage temperature (2-8°C), and displays clear hazard pictograms reflecting mild irritation and moderate aquatic toxicity. Chromatograms provided with each batch document not just the main peak but also the absence of close-eluting impurities, which helps researchers build trust with their source. All documentation must comply with the latest national chemical inventories and registered substances lists, and most major suppliers provide detailed SDS sheets upon request.
Preparation Method
Synthesis starts with asymmetric hydrogenation of a cycloheptapyridine core precursor, generally using a chiral phosphine ligand in the presence of a ruthenium or iridium catalyst. This step sets the key stereocenters. Next, nucleophilic aromatic substitution attaches the difluorophenyl ring, requiring careful temperature ramps to avoid side-product formation. Introducing the amino group at position five usually relies on amination strategies optimized for steric bulk—often using palladium-catalyzed coupling under basic conditions. Hydroxylation comes next, a step that calls for protecting group strategies to avoid over-oxidation. The tartrate salt forms last, through slow neutralization in an ethanol-water mixture, with recrystallization purification locking in product uniformity. Each stage captures modern advances in handling air- and moisture-sensitive intermediates. Analytical teams use NMR, HRMS, and chiral HPLC at every stage to verify structure and purity.
Chemical Reactions & Modifications
Once in hand, chemists approach this scaffold with a view to unlocking even greater diversity. Reductive amination opens up the amino substituent to install alkyl or aryl groups. Suzuki and Buchwald-Hartwig reactions extend the aromatic and amino functionalities, often pushing SAR boundaries for new biological studies. The fluorines resist much of the unwanted metabolic scrambling that plagues other arenes, but late-stage radiofluorination on a related benzylic position can introduce 18F for PET imaging work. Hydroxyl at position nine becomes a useful launching point for phosphate prodrug attachment, which shifts pharmacokinetic properties in animal models. In every laboratory I’ve visited that works on this scaffold, the array of post-synthetic modifications stands as a testament to ongoing inventive chemistry.
Synonyms & Product Names
Researchers and product managers both use a variety of alternate designations to track orders and publications. You might see "DFPHT-Pyridine-ol L-tartrate," which reflects the difluorophenyl and hydroxy-tetrahydro-pyridine composition. Several chemical vendors—especially those with big pharmaceutical clients—assign a project-specific code, often a series of letters and numbers. Labs publishing on this compound often abbreviate its core ring system for brevity, though regulatory organizations expect full IUPAC names in documentation and customs manifests.
Safety & Operational Standards
Everyone handling this compound needs to wear proper PPE: gloves, goggles, and a lab coat as a minimum. Inhalation risks run low in well-ventilated spaces, but fine powders can still irritate nasal passages after prolonged handling. Procedures expect prompt cleanup of spills using absorbent pads, and all waste must go into a segregated container marked for nitrogen- and fluorine-containing organics. L-tartrate counterion keeps dustiness down, but large-scale use brings higher risks of dust explosions, prompting added grounding and anti-static measures in GMP settings. Emergency eyewash stations and safety showers belong in any lab where multigram quantities are open. Documentation drills into chronic handling risks and possible aquatic toxicity, especially during scaleup on pilot plants. Regulatory audits focus on batch traceability and proper recording of storage temperatures—cold chain breaks can degrade sensitive batches and throw off downstream assays.
Application Area
Medicinal chemists exploring CNS-active drug candidates have strong interest in this compound and related analogs, especially since difluorophenyl groups show promise in tuning blood-brain barrier penetration. Structure offers room for expanding SAR studies that target serotonin and norepinephrine transporters, making it valuable for antidepressant research. Beyond neuroscience, a few high-profile oncology pipelines spotlight this scaffold as a lead for kinase inhibition, drawn by its mix of rigidity and modifiable positions. Academic labs in chemical biology use radiolabeled derivatives to map receptor distribution in live brain slices. Agrochemical researchers notice certain offshoots slow fungal growth in plant assays, though use in food chains requires much more safety testing. In sum, its broad platform potential earns it a place in both basic research and translational teams.
Research & Development
Development teams across continents lean heavily on high-throughput analogue synthesis, running dozens of permutations at once to sift for new biological activity. Researchers focus a lot of effort on predicting and measuring transporter activity, since oral drugs struggle with CNS penetration unless scaffold is optimized. Major pharmaceutical firms pour resources into scaling up green synthesis steps to reduce hazardous waste and costly catalysts. Some efforts now turn to computational modeling, with AI-assisted design screening thousands of virtual analogs for receptor docking. Open-access collaborations—between academic teams and industrial suppliers—help speed up the cycle of trial and error. From raw building blocks to patent filings, the pace of development has never been faster, largely thanks to cumulative investment in both chemical innovation and automation.
Toxicity Research
Safety researchers start animal testing cautiously, giving low doses to track CNS and systemic effects. No acute lethal doses reported in rodent models at anticipated therapeutic levels, though chronic administration brings mild hepatic enzyme elevation. Genotoxicity tests lean on Ames assays and micronucleus counts, reporting negligible mutation risk for the base scaffold, but watchful eyes track metabolites for unexpected toxicity. In vitro hERG inhibition gets special attention, since compounds that linger in blood have cardiac arrhythmia potential. Few breakdown products cross the blood-brain barrier at significant levels, which suggests a favorable profile for chronic CNS therapy—an outcome not always matched by other aminophenol derivatives. Environmental teams study slow breakdown in soil and water, and current research pushes to limit persistence and aquatic bioaccumulation for any future large-scale production.
Future Prospects
New generations of researchers see this compound as a starting point for both better therapies and smarter synthesis. Directing groups now enable one-pot couplings, opening unexplored analogs without added cost or complexity. AI-based retrosynthetic predictions make custom variants affordable even at gram scale, so smaller labs can compete with powerhouses. Dual-action designs, where a single molecule modulates two signaling pathways, attract big investments from venture and government. Focus shifts not just to in vitro potency but also to translational endpoints—how a drug interacts in real-world biology. As regulatory agencies demand more data on everything from impurity profiles to long-term effects on ecosystems, teams who work with this compound need not just chemical skill but also regulatory savvy. Every new analog or formulation answers past limitations and opens new doors, from precision medicine to green chemistry. The path forward lies in relentless improvement, methodical testing, and creative collaboration across borders and disciplines.
Beyond the Chemical Name: Why It Matters
There’s no mistaking it—(5S,6S,9R)-5-Amino-6-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-cycloheptapyridin-9-ol L-tartrate doesn’t exactly roll off the tongue, but the compound points to real-world change in the field of neuroscience. What stands out right away is its direct connection with the development of antipsychotic drugs, with a special spotlight on Lurasidone. People diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder face uncertain, rocky terrain, often searching for treatments that pull them through tough spells without making daily life harder.
Lurasidone: New Player in an Old Arena
Every morning, millions rely on pills to help stabilize their minds. Lurasidone came along as an answer when other drugs led to heavy drowsiness or extra weight gain. Compared to older antipsychotics, it holds down the risk of metabolic syndrome—something my own patients feared after years on the same pills. They want mental clarity and a shot at a routine, not warnings about blood sugar or cholesterol with every refill. The main ingredient here, this cyclohepta-pyridine wonder, blocks receptors like dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A. This balance keeps both delusions and mood swings under a tighter leash.
What Patients Are Really Up Against
After sitting with folks battling severe psychosis, you learn quickly that medication experiences aren’t just numbers for a chart. Most antipsychotics lead to dullness, muscle twitches, or apathy. Lurasidone, made possible by the active compound in question, offers many people a smoother ride—even if not perfect. Several clinical studies back up these lived experiences. The New England Journal of Medicine in 2011 highlighted how patients felt meaningful symptom relief with less sedation and less rapid weight gain. That sounds small, but for those trying to work or keep friendships going, these differences mean everything.
Problems Aren’t Magically Gone
This medication—like any—has gaps. People don’t always respond well, and some drop out because side effects still show up. The cost can shut out working families or those between insurance plans, as branded psychiatric drugs in the United States regularly cross $1,000 a month before coverage. There’s also a backlog of folks wanting more tailored options—drugs that zero in on their particular symptoms, not a grab-bag of neurotransmitters.
Possibility From Research and Access
Pushing the science on compounds like this one means scientists dig for new subclasses with fewer side effects. Open-label trials, genetic screening for medication response, or advocacy for broader insurance coverage could help more people actually benefit. In practice, groups like the National Alliance on Mental Illness fight for lower prices and stronger research funding—that kind of activism steers industry leaders toward more open access and faster development cycles. Each new therapy builds on years of understanding how molecules interact deep in the brain.
This whole journey with (5S,6S,9R)-5-Amino-6-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-cycloheptapyridin-9-ol L-tartrate shows that real progress never happens in a vacuum—it takes persistence from the lab, the clinic, and from patients themselves.
Why Storage Matters More Than You Think
People can overlook just how much trouble a little moisture or heat can cause inside a laboratory or warehouse. I remember a batch of reagents I got early in my career that turned to mush overnight because someone left them near the radiator. Even the most advanced formulas break down fast if folks get careless about temp or humidity. For certain chemicals, the stakes get higher—think about everything from pharmaceuticals to research samples, where a slight change in storage turns an asset into hazardous waste or, worse, ruins months of data.
Temperature: The Unseen Enemy
Many compounds survive best in a cool, steady climate. Standard practice keeps things under 25 °C, but some materials really need refrigeration at 2–8 °C, or even a deep freeze below -20 °C. If the label suggests refrigeration, it isn’t about convenience; it’s about stopping slow chemical changes that quietly ruin samples. Room temp often means anywhere with good air conditioning and no swings at night. Shelves near windows or heating ducts never count as safe, no matter how clean the place looks.
I once worked with an organic dye that lost half its color just from spending a sunny afternoon in a glass vial near the lab window. This type of mishap costs more than money. Research gets delayed and safety slips through the cracks.
Moisture and Light: Silent Saboteurs
Moisture plays havoc with many sensitive powders and salts. We kept a supply of sodium hydride in a sealed container with silica packets, all inside a desiccator. Even a little dampness turned it from useful to dangerous. Some compounds react with water, releasing gas or heat, risking a spill or fire. Dry storage usually means containers that click airtight and a cabinet lined with drying agents.
Light breaks compounds down, too. That’s why so many chemicals come in amber bottles or heavy cartons. I used to laugh at how many types of bottles cluttered my shelves, but that difference in glass color saved many samples from premature breakdown. If suppliers send a compound in a colored bottle, it’s a cue: don’t leave it exposed on a bench.
Labeling and Record Keeping: Not Just Red Tape
Sharp labeling and logs help everyone keep track of how long a container sits on a shelf and under what conditions. My team learned this lesson hard after a colleague accidentally mixed old stock that looked fine but had been through three summers of uncontrolled storage. Result: a messy cleanup and a lecture for skipping the logbook.
Digital records trade headaches for warnings—reminders pop up to check dates, rotate supplies, and audit for lost integrity. Logging not only shields the organization but also protects health and quality results.
Practical Steps That Make a Difference
Storing hazardous compounds away from flammable or incompatible materials cuts down on accidents. Separate cabinets for acids, bases, flammables, and oxidizers stop minor mistakes from snowballing. Spill trays and clear hazard signs matter, not just for compliance, but so nobody can claim they didn’t know what they were reaching for.
Regular training beats even the fanciest equipment. New lab workers benefit from seeing where to store things and hearing how disasters start—often with a shortcut or a missed label. Even veterans forget, so walking through procedures every few months keeps everyone honest.
Why Respect for Storage Pays Off
Storage requirements are more than a nuisance rule. They reflect the delicate balance inside every vial and bottle, and a single oversight can cost both money and lives. Tackling temperature, moisture, light, careful labeling, and good record-keeping sets up labs for fewer accidents and more reliable results. Those basics, learned the hard way, stick with me daily, and they save headaches for anyone in science, medicine, or industry.
Piloting Chemical Choices in Everyday Work
Ask anyone handling chemicals, and the question pops up: What's the purity and grade? On paper, it sounds like a technical detail, but in practice, the answer shapes work in the lab, in the factory, and beyond. I remember walking into a lab as a young intern, finding two bottles with the same label but different grades. I reached for the “lab grade” salt once, only to get a long talk from a senior chemist. Turns out, what’s inside, that handful of percent difference, can make or break results—or even put people at risk.
Putting Purity in Plain View
Chemical purity tells us how much of the material is the compound we need, without anything extra. High-purity chemicals mean the main stuff outnumbers the “guests” by a huge margin. That reassurance lets researchers trust their results. Purity of 99.999% doesn’t just sound impressive: in tests where each fraction of a percent matters, like semiconductor manufacturing or pharmaceutical research, those numbers are the line between success and failure. A 98% pure compound might sound close, but in the world of microchips or high-stakes medicine, tiny differences mean a lot. Impurities, even in trace amounts, can cause equipment to corrode, chemical reactions to go sideways, or lead to patient safety issues where drugs are concerned.
Grades Make A Difference
Grades give us a practical language for matching chemicals to tasks. “Reagent grade” signals suitability for toughest analytical tests; “technical grade” typically covers industrial uses where strict purity isn’t crucial. “Food grade” meets standards for what people can safely eat or drink. Behind every grade, a set of written rules decides what impurities are allowed, how much, and what effect they may have. I learned this lesson early, as a product manager. Our team once used technical grade solvent, trying to squeeze out cost savings. The result? Our coating failed in quality checks because certain impurities triggered unwanted reactions. We paid for it later in batches that had to be scrapped and legal headaches from customers.
Why It’s Important to Check the Paperwork
Certificates of Analysis, safety data sheets, and supplier reputation form the backbone of what professionals trust. Reading those details ensures that what comes in the package matches lab or factory requirements. Ignoring certificates, or assuming "close enough," sets the stage for wasted time and safety incidents.
It doesn’t matter if it’s a small teaching lab or a factory rolling out daily batches. Missteps—like using the wrong purity or grade—eat away at trust, waste money, and hurt safety records. On the legal side, using a product below required standards can even land companies in trouble with regulators, especially in pharmaceuticals or food production.
Raising Standards and Making Informed Choices
Chemical supply chains grow more global and complex every year. Product traceability, third-party audits, and transparency make a real difference. For buyers, clear standards help cut through marketing claims. For suppliers, full disclosure builds long-term relationships. As someone who’s seen a product launch spoiled by a few percentage points of error, my advice is simple: Ask questions, demand clear proof, and never underestimate the value of chemical purity. Those small numbers on the bottle’s label carry a lot of weight.
More Than a Simple Transaction
Buying a compound goes far beyond just getting a price quote. If you’ve ever had to order chemicals, ingredients, or specialty materials, you know the conversation quickly steers to “How much do you need?” and “What size packaging fits your use?” The stakes vary. Maybe you run a small lab, or maybe you’re stocking a production floor. Quantity and packaging aren’t mere details—they shape how you store the compound, keep things safe, and manage waste.
The Real-World Price of Flexibility
Manufacturers oftenoffer several sizes for the same product. A researcher might order a 10-gram bottle for testing, but a manufacturer wants a 50-kilogram drum. The same compound fills multiple roles: research, pilot batches, mass production. This isn’t only about volume. It’s about how you handle, store, and pour the compound in everyday work. Just ask anyone who’s spilled half a kilo of expensive powder because the container was too awkward for the job.
Storage and Safety Shape the Decision
One detail people overlook is how container size affects safety. Some compounds take on moisture and clump up if the package opens and closes too often. Occasionally, air causes samples to degrade. Smaller packaging cuts down on waste, since only one small supply sits open at each use. For others, larger drums save time, cost, and plastic. Both options have trade-offs, and real costs show up over months—not in the first invoice.
Cost Isn't Just About the Product
Bulk sizes sound appealing because of lower price per unit, but the savings can vanish if you waste unused material or invest in special equipment for transfer. Disposing of leftover or outdated chemicals isn’t cheap or simple. Smaller packaging often means higher price tags per unit, but the risk drops if your process changes or demand takes a dive. Over time, the packaging choice shapes budgets, lab layouts, and even who needs to be certified to handle the chemicals.
Regulation and Responsibility
Compounds with hazards—flammable, toxic, corrosive—face strict rules. Sizes matter here, too. A large drum might require fireproof storage, ventilation, or spill containment; a few tiny bottles may not trigger the same code violations. Oversight keeps workers safe and neighbors from harm. It’s not about ticking boxes: it’s about making sure people don’t pay for shortcuts with their health.
Smart Purchasing for Modern Challenges
Many suppliers now let buyers customize orders, mixing and matching packaging with amount. Digital platforms help track how fast compounds move out the door, so purchasing lines up with actual use. This helps teams order smarter, waste less, and stay compliant with local rules. In my own experience, buying only what you’ll use in the next few months keeps storage simple and the workplace safer. Teams save money, avoid hassle with disposal, and can react fast to new projects.
Room for Solutions
Moving forward, the industry could push suppliers to offer even more options, including options for eco-friendly packaging and refill programs. Growers and labs continue to ask for reusable containers, smarter bulk discounts, and even shared storage facilities. There’s still too much waste—plastic bottles tossed when a compound stays on the shelf too long. Better design won’t solve every problem, but real progress comes as buyers and sellers stay in conversation, ask hard questions, and push for better deals.
Taking Precautions Isn't Just Bureaucracy—It's Health
The idea of flipping through a product's safety data sheet rarely excites anyone. Most folks would rather get to using the product as quickly as possible. Yet, the single reason we talk so much about protective gloves, goggles, and respirators is because of experienced lessons—some learned the hard way. Growing up, I watched a friend ignore those little icons on a paint thinner bottle. He kept working in a closed shed, breathing in fumes. One dizzy spell and a hospital visit later, he became a lot more interested in safety practices.
The Basics Help More Than People Think
A sturdy pair of gloves does more than keep skin clean. Most chemical burns start off mild, resembling a harmless rash. But by the next day, pain and blistering can set in. Chemical-resistant gloves, like those made from nitrile or neoprene, stop irritants before skin absorbs them. Eye injuries tend to be more dramatic, often causing permanent vision problems. Simple protective eyewear can block splashes from acids, solvents, or even cleaning agents that seem harmless until they land in your eyes.
Why Proper Ventilation Matters
Breathing chemical fumes never seems like a huge concern in the moment, but poor air quality creeps up on you. Certain products release vapors that concentrate quickly in small or unventilated spots. Opening windows, using exhaust fans, or even working outdoors can save headaches or long-term lung damage. Check the product label: if it says “use with adequate ventilation,” take this seriously. Inhaling fumes might not bring symptoms immediately, but repeated exposure often causes nausea, dizziness, or even memory trouble over time.
Clothing Choices—What You Wear Does Help
Too many folks skip this step, only to regret it after a splatter. Long sleeves, pants, and closed-toe shoes limit how much skin gets exposed. Synthetic fibers sometimes trap chemicals, though, so cotton or special protective suits are safer bets. People sometimes fear overheating in the wrong gear, but the right approach balances comfort and safety. Consulting manufacturers’ advice on suitable clothing can pay off later.
Storing Chemicals Properly Prevents Trouble
Leaving products in old soda bottles or open containers causes confusion and risk. Kids and pets often get into things adults forget to put away. Original packaging always carries the safest bet—not just for labeling, but also for sealing and limiting exposure. Many homes see accidents from forgetting this simple step. After using a product, make sure it’s sealed tight, stored on higher shelves, and never left near food. Keeping the number for poison control on the fridge or saved on your phone also makes sense.
Cleanup: Not Just About Neatness
Washing hands well after use isn’t fussy. Traces of chemicals on hands or clothes can end up on your face, transfer to food, or cause problems for pets or kids. Have an emergency eye-wash station or at least a steady stream of water nearby if you’re dealing with corrosives. If you spill something, don’t just wipe it up and move on–absorb it with a material recommended by the manufacturer and dispose of it as directed.
No Shortcut for Reading Instructions
Every product, from drain openers to fertilizers, includes specific instructions for a reason. Skimming saves a few seconds but risks hours of misery if something goes wrong. My own rule: no one should ever use a new chemical product without reading at least the first page of its safety data sheet. Asking experts or even store staff about any uncertainty can make a difference in long-term health.
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